Two Newly Discovered Bach Organ Works Unveiled in Germany

This handout picture released on November 17, 2025 by the Bach Archive Leipzig shows an employee of the archive holding a print of two long-lost organ pieces written by a teenage Johann Sebastian Bach during a presentation as part of the festival week celebrating the 75th anniversary of the Bach Archive Leipzig at the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig. (Jens Schlueter / Bach Archive / AFP)
This handout picture released on November 17, 2025 by the Bach Archive Leipzig shows an employee of the archive holding a print of two long-lost organ pieces written by a teenage Johann Sebastian Bach during a presentation as part of the festival week celebrating the 75th anniversary of the Bach Archive Leipzig at the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig. (Jens Schlueter / Bach Archive / AFP)
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Two Newly Discovered Bach Organ Works Unveiled in Germany

This handout picture released on November 17, 2025 by the Bach Archive Leipzig shows an employee of the archive holding a print of two long-lost organ pieces written by a teenage Johann Sebastian Bach during a presentation as part of the festival week celebrating the 75th anniversary of the Bach Archive Leipzig at the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig. (Jens Schlueter / Bach Archive / AFP)
This handout picture released on November 17, 2025 by the Bach Archive Leipzig shows an employee of the archive holding a print of two long-lost organ pieces written by a teenage Johann Sebastian Bach during a presentation as part of the festival week celebrating the 75th anniversary of the Bach Archive Leipzig at the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig. (Jens Schlueter / Bach Archive / AFP)

Two long-lost organ pieces written by a teenage Johann Sebastian Bach were unveiled in Germany on Monday in a discovery described as a "great moment for the world of music".

The two solo organ works, written while Bach was working as an organ teacher in the town of Arnstadt in Thuringia early in his career, first caught the attention of researchers over 30 years ago.

But it is only now that experts have been able to prove they were written by Bach after finally confirming the identity of the person who penned the manuscripts.

The Chaconne in D minor BWV 1178 and Chaconne in G minor BWV 1179 have been added to the official catalogue of Bach's works as of Monday.

They were also performed for the first time in 320 years at the St Thomas Church in Leipzig, where Bach is buried and served as a cantor for 27 years.

In a press conference before the works were performed, Culture Minister Wolfram Weimer hailed the discovery as a "global sensation" and a "great moment for the world of music".

"This is a source of great joy for many, many music lovers around the world," he said.

Bach researcher Peter Wollny first came across the works in the Royal Library of Belgium in 1992, according to the Bach Archive in Leipzig, which documents and researches the composer's life and work.

The manuscripts were undated and unsigned but are thought to have been written in around 1705, when Bach would have been 18 years old.

Wollny was fascinated by the works from the outset because they contained several characteristics that were unique to Bach during that period.

But the identity of the manuscript writer remained a mystery.

Several years ago, experts came across some very similar handwriting in a letter dating from 1729 written by a former pupil of Bach in Arnstadt, Salomon Guenther John.

But since the letter was written 20 years after the manuscripts and the handwriting was not identical, more evidence was needed.

It was only recently that earlier samples of John's writing were found, from around the same period, providing definitive proof that the handwriting was his.

"I searched for a long time for the missing piece of the puzzle to identify the compositions -- now the whole picture is clear," Wollny said.

"We can now say with certainty that the copies were made around 1705 by Bach's pupil Salomon Guenther John."

Ton Koopman, the Dutch organist and head of the Bach Archive who performed the works on Monday, said they were "of a very high quality".

"When one thinks of the young Bach or Mozart, it is often assumed that genius comes later in life -- but that is not the case," he said.

"I am convinced that organists worldwide will be very grateful for this virtuoso, lively new repertoire and will perform it regularly in future."

Bach was born in Eisenach in central Germany in 1685 and died in 1750.

Founded 75 years ago, the Bach Archive has helped to unearth several previously lost works by the composer.

In 2004, a Bach cantata that had been lost for decades was rediscovered in the papers of Japanese pianist Chieko Hara.



Priceless 2,500-year-old Golden Helmet Returned to Romania after Dutch Museum Raid

Dacian gold items, a 2,500-year-old helmet and wristbands, stolen from a museum in the Netherlands and then recovered by Dutch authorities, are presented during a press conference after being returned, at the National Museum of Romanian History, in Bucharest, Romania, Tuesday, April 21, 2026. (AP Photo/Andreea Alexandru)
Dacian gold items, a 2,500-year-old helmet and wristbands, stolen from a museum in the Netherlands and then recovered by Dutch authorities, are presented during a press conference after being returned, at the National Museum of Romanian History, in Bucharest, Romania, Tuesday, April 21, 2026. (AP Photo/Andreea Alexandru)
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Priceless 2,500-year-old Golden Helmet Returned to Romania after Dutch Museum Raid

Dacian gold items, a 2,500-year-old helmet and wristbands, stolen from a museum in the Netherlands and then recovered by Dutch authorities, are presented during a press conference after being returned, at the National Museum of Romanian History, in Bucharest, Romania, Tuesday, April 21, 2026. (AP Photo/Andreea Alexandru)
Dacian gold items, a 2,500-year-old helmet and wristbands, stolen from a museum in the Netherlands and then recovered by Dutch authorities, are presented during a press conference after being returned, at the National Museum of Romanian History, in Bucharest, Romania, Tuesday, April 21, 2026. (AP Photo/Andreea Alexandru)

A priceless golden helmet dating back 2,500 years was returned to Romania on Tuesday after the national heirloom was stolen from a Dutch museum where it was on loan last year.

The ornate Cotofenesti helmet and three golden bracelets — some of Romania’s most revered national treasures from the Dacia civilization — were taken from the Drents Museum in January 2025 in a raid which shocked the art world and devastated Romanian authorities.

But after 14 months of investigations, diplomatic tensions, and three suspects in an ongoing trial, most of the artifacts arrived at Bucharest Henri Coanda International Airport on Tuesday from where authorities transported them under guard to Bucharest’s National History Museum. They were displayed in a glass cabinet, flanked by masked, armed guards.

Cornel Constantin Ilie, the museum's interim director, said that the artifacts have been returned “not as simple patrimony items, but as relics of our historical memory, as the legacy of a civilization that continues to define us.”

“For us, this is a moment of joy, but also of contemplation,” he said. “For months, we have lived with the fear that part of our past could be lost forever. Today we can say that an essential part of this treasure has returned.”

Robert van Langh, the Drents Museum director, described the recovery and return of the relics as “an emotional moment for all involved,” and acknowledged “the grief, the anger and now the relief have naturally been even greater” in Romania than in the Netherlands.

“Romanian national heritage has returned home,” The Associated Press quoted him as saying. “The impact of this robbery was already significant in the Netherlands, but here it must have been truly unparalleled ... The police and judicial authorities of both countries have done extraordinary work.”

Dutch prosecutors unveiled the recovered items at a news conference in the eastern Dutch city of Assen earlier this month. The whereabouts of the third golden bracelet remains unknown, but van Langh vowed the search would continue and that a judicial verdict is expected in the coming weeks.

During its disappearance, the golden helmet was slightly dented, while the recovered bracelets were in perfect condition.

Romania’s Minister of Culture Demeter Andras Istvan said the return of the artifacts had shown “how strong the connection between heritage and collective consciousness can be.”

“This entire episode reminds us at the same time how exposed heritage can be. It can be exposed to violence, illegal trafficking, negligence, oblivion,” he said.

After the raid, Dutch authorities were left with grainy security footage of three people wrenching open a museum door with a crowbar, after which an explosion was seen. Before its recovery, there were fears the helmet may have been melted down because its fame and distinctive appearance made it virtually unsellable.

The artifacts will be exhibited to the public in Bucharest before undergoing some restoration work, the museum's interim director said.

“We believe that the public has the pleasure of celebrating them ... not only as splendid objects, but as a witness to an ordeal, an almost irreparable loss, and a return that we owe to the operation between institutions and the perseverance of the authorities,” he said. “Today, these treasures returned home.”


Saudi Heritage Commission Announces 2025 Excavation Results at Al-Serrain Archaeological Site

Saudi Heritage Commission Announces 2025 Excavation Results at Al-Serrain Archaeological Site
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Saudi Heritage Commission Announces 2025 Excavation Results at Al-Serrain Archaeological Site

Saudi Heritage Commission Announces 2025 Excavation Results at Al-Serrain Archaeological Site

The Saudi Heritage Commission announced on Tuesday the results of the 2025 archaeological excavation season of the Saudi-Chinese mission at the Al-Serrain archaeological site in Al-Lith Governorate, Makkah Region. The mission was part of its efforts to document and study coastal archaeological sites and deepen understanding of Islamic historical cities and ports along the Red Sea coast.

Excavation works during the season revealed architectural extensions, including documentation of residential, service, and storage units, as well as pottery kilns reflecting daily life activities.

The season documented diverse archaeological finds, including various types of pottery, ceramic incense burners, stone tools, agate beads, and glass, alongside organic materials such as shells and animal bones, reflecting the diversity of the site's inhabitants' economic and daily activities.

Among the most notable discoveries was a fragment of a Chinese ceramic jar dating to the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127 CE), bearing remnants of a decorative seal with partially damaged, illegible Chinese script, serving as an archaeological testament to commercial contact between southern China and the Red Sea coast during the Islamic era.

The Heritage Commission underscored its commitment to ongoing excavation and study at Al-Serrain in the coming seasons, aiming to build a comprehensive scientific understanding of the site's settlement history and urban development, and to highlight its value as one of the most important historical ports on the Red Sea coast.


Ancient Mughal Tradition of Pigeon-Rearing Thrives in India’s Capital

 Mohammed Rashid, alias "Rambo", a kabootarbaaz (pigeon keeper) feeds his pigeons as he trains them, on the rooftop of a restaurant in the old quarters of Delhi, India, January 24, 2026. (Reuters)
Mohammed Rashid, alias "Rambo", a kabootarbaaz (pigeon keeper) feeds his pigeons as he trains them, on the rooftop of a restaurant in the old quarters of Delhi, India, January 24, 2026. (Reuters)
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Ancient Mughal Tradition of Pigeon-Rearing Thrives in India’s Capital

 Mohammed Rashid, alias "Rambo", a kabootarbaaz (pigeon keeper) feeds his pigeons as he trains them, on the rooftop of a restaurant in the old quarters of Delhi, India, January 24, 2026. (Reuters)
Mohammed Rashid, alias "Rambo", a kabootarbaaz (pigeon keeper) feeds his pigeons as he trains them, on the rooftop of a restaurant in the old quarters of Delhi, India, January 24, 2026. (Reuters)

In the ‌heart of India's capital city New Delhi, a few men are practicing the ancient Mughal tradition of pigeon-rearing, training the birds to navigate long distances, as they preserve a skill passed on for generations.

Every day, among the packed lanes near the Jama Masjid, in the old part of the city and a few kilometers away from its toniest areas, Azhar Udeen, 30, gathers with his younger brother and friends at ‌his terrace, ‌letting more than 120 pigeons of various ‌breeds ⁠out of their ⁠cages.

The birds are then fed and trained to fly in different formations, and are sometimes raced, as men cheer them on.

"I saw my grandfather doing this when I was a child, and after I grew up, I watched and learned from ⁠my ustad (teacher)," Udeen told Reuters.

Kabootarbaazi, as the ‌tradition is known, comes ‌from the Hindi/Urdu word for pigeon, and was patronized by ‌the many Mughal kings who ruled in India, ‌when men kept a flock, taught them to fly in formation, and used them as messengers.

Training the birds how to fly straight against the wind and return after covering ‌a long distance takes nearly four months, and involves beating a whip against ⁠a ⁠hard surface to create loud sounds that will scare the birds into flying farther out, the trainers said.

For many, the rooftop gatherings are as important as the flying itself. Practitioners describe kabootarbaazi as a stress reliever that creates a pocket of calm and community in a crowded city.

"We sit with our friends and students, and all the tensions from our work or homes, all of it disappears and that’s what the main intention behind pigeon keeping is," Kahlifa Mohsin, another pigeon-keeper, said.