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With Waters at 32C, Mediterranean Tropicalization Shifts into High Gear

Lionfish are normally found in the Red Sea but have increasingly been seen in the Mediterranean due to rising sea temperatures. IBRAHIM CHALHOUB / AFP
Lionfish are normally found in the Red Sea but have increasingly been seen in the Mediterranean due to rising sea temperatures. IBRAHIM CHALHOUB / AFP
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With Waters at 32C, Mediterranean Tropicalization Shifts into High Gear

Lionfish are normally found in the Red Sea but have increasingly been seen in the Mediterranean due to rising sea temperatures. IBRAHIM CHALHOUB / AFP
Lionfish are normally found in the Red Sea but have increasingly been seen in the Mediterranean due to rising sea temperatures. IBRAHIM CHALHOUB / AFP

When Murat Draman went scuba diving off the coast of the southern Turkish province of Antalya and saw the temperature in the depths was pushing 30C, it didn't surprise him.

"We were at a depth of 30 meters (100 feet) this morning and the water was 29C," said Draman, a diving instructor in an area which is experiencing firsthand the rapid "tropicalization" of the Mediterranean Sea.

Encouraged by increasingly warm waters, hundreds of species native to the Red Sea have moved through the Suez Canal and into the eastern Mediterranean, disrupting ecosystems, scientists say.

The threat is facing the entire Mediterranean, one of the fastest-warming seas, which this year saw its hottest June and July on record, figures from the Mercator Ocean International research center show.

Draman, who remembers when the water temperatures were 25C in August in the early 2000s, said he had seen dozens of Red Sea species colonizing the clear waters of Antalya, where surface temperatures reached nearly 32C this week.

The striking but highly venomous lionfish (Pterois miles) with its long spotted fins that measure around 26 centimeters (10 inches), is now at home in such warm temperatures and wreaking havoc in the local ecosystem.

"About a decade ago, we saw one or two of them. Now we're talking about 15 or 20 per dive -- even more than when we go to the Red Sea," Draman told AFP.

"They are big predators. Small fish like gobies suffer a lot, we hardly see them anymore.

'A warning'

Such invasive species are disrupting ecosystems across the eastern Mediterranean, the warmest area of the sea and the area that is heating up fastest, explained Professor Gil Rilov, a researcher at the Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research institute (IOLR), who also lectures at Haifa University.

"But now it's getting warmer, and also (in 2015), the canals got deeper and wider, so more and more new species move in every year," the marine biologist told AFP, admitting some new arrivals could also be beneficial in waters that are becoming too warm for the native species.

And many of these species -- which have become ubiquitous off the coasts of Türkiye, Lebanon and Israel -- are now moving further west, he said, pointing to the rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) which has recently colonized the waters off Malta, more than 1,700 kilometers (over 1,000 miles) from the Suez Canal.

What is happening in the eastern Mediterranean, where many native species have already disappeared, "is a warning", Rilov added, pointing to two possible causes for their disappearance: excessively warm waters and fierce competition with these invasive species.

"What is happening here will happen in five, 10 or 20 years in the north and west of the Mediterranean," he predicted.

Last week, Mercator figures showed the sea had registered its warmest July on record with an average surface temperature of 26.68C -- a figure that is worrying experts.

'Absence of predators'

This "tropicalization" could also occur in the coming years through the Strait of Gibraltar at the far end of the Mediterranean basin, according to a study published in the prestigious US science journal PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) in April 2024.

In it, the authors warned that even in an intermediate climate scenario, the warming of the Atlantic Ocean could see certain species migrate from the southern coasts of west Africa to the western Mediterranean by 2050.

A more pessimistic scenario could even see the Mediterranean "entirely tropicalized" by 2100, they warned.

Faced with such a threat, Draman said invasive species must be kept as far as possible from protected marine areas "in order to preserve biodiversity".

"It is clear that with the absence of Mediterranean predators, species such as lionfish are very comfortable here and their population is increasing year on year," he said.

"In the Red Sea, lionfish have predators. There are sharks and barracudas. Here, we have none of that."

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Varieties

Spanish King Acknowledges ‘Much Abuse’ During Conquest

Spain's King Felipe walks through the main square toward the Government Palace during an official visit aimed at strengthening diplomatic ties between Bolivia and Spain, in La Paz, Bolivia, March 12, 2026. (Reuters)
Spain's King Felipe walks through the main square toward the Government Palace during an official visit aimed at strengthening diplomatic ties between Bolivia and Spain, in La Paz, Bolivia, March 12, 2026. (Reuters)
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Spanish King Acknowledges ‘Much Abuse’ During Conquest

Spain's King Felipe walks through the main square toward the Government Palace during an official visit aimed at strengthening diplomatic ties between Bolivia and Spain, in La Paz, Bolivia, March 12, 2026. (Reuters)
Spain's King Felipe walks through the main square toward the Government Palace during an official visit aimed at strengthening diplomatic ties between Bolivia and Spain, in La Paz, Bolivia, March 12, 2026. (Reuters)

King Felipe VI on Monday acknowledged "much abuse" during Spain's conquest of the Americas, the latest attempt by a top Spanish official to address Mexico's longstanding historical grievances.

Laws imposed by the Spanish crown in the 16th century to govern its colonies had a "desire to protect" Indigenous peoples, the king said during a visit to an exhibition of Indigenous Mexican art in Madrid.

But "reality later made it impossible to fully enforce, and there was much abuse," he added, according to a video posted by the royal palace on X.

"There are things that later, when we study them and learn about them, you say: 'Well, by today's standards and values, they obviously cannot make us feel proud,'" the king said.

"But we have to understand them in their proper context, not with excessive moral presentism, but with objective and rigorous analysis" in order "to draw lessons," he added.

Relations between Mexico and Spain have been strained since 2019 when Mexico's then president Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador demanded an apology from Spain's monarchy for abuses committed during Spain's 1519-1521 Conquest of Mexico and the ensuing three centuries of colonial rule.

Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum, Lopez Obrador's political ally and successor, revived the call and excluded the king from her inauguration in October 2024 partly because Spain had not responded to the apology demand.

Spain's Foreign Minister Jose Manuel Albares last year acknowledged the "pain and injustice" inflicted on Indigenous peoples during the Spanish conquest as he inaugurated the exhibition which the king visited on Monday.

Sheinbaum welcomed the comments, saying they were the "first step" by the Spanish government in recognizing the abuses committed.

Shortly after, Spain's Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez said improving Spain's ties with Mexico is a priority for his government, adding there was "light and shadow" in the two country's shared history.

Mesoamerica, a region that comprised parts of Mexico and Central America, had an estimated population of 15 million to 30 million people when conquistador Hernan Cortes arrived with an army of several hundred men, bringing horses, swords, guns -- and smallpox -- in 1519.

After a century of battles, massacres, and plagues, only an estimated one million to two million Indigenous inhabitants remained.

Varieties

Snow, Wind Hit Eastern US and Midwest, Blocking Roads and Grounding More than 2,000 Flights

Ogo Akpati and his son Brycson Akpati, 3, braved the strong winds and had fun sliding down a hill in Central Park Sunday, March 15,2026 in Brooklyn Park, MN. (Jerry Holt/Minnesota Star Tribune via AP)
Ogo Akpati and his son Brycson Akpati, 3, braved the strong winds and had fun sliding down a hill in Central Park Sunday, March 15,2026 in Brooklyn Park, MN. (Jerry Holt/Minnesota Star Tribune via AP)
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Snow, Wind Hit Eastern US and Midwest, Blocking Roads and Grounding More than 2,000 Flights

Ogo Akpati and his son Brycson Akpati, 3, braved the strong winds and had fun sliding down a hill in Central Park Sunday, March 15,2026 in Brooklyn Park, MN. (Jerry Holt/Minnesota Star Tribune via AP)
Ogo Akpati and his son Brycson Akpati, 3, braved the strong winds and had fun sliding down a hill in Central Park Sunday, March 15,2026 in Brooklyn Park, MN. (Jerry Holt/Minnesota Star Tribune via AP)

Chaotic weather coast to coast in the US — from unusual heat in California to damaging winds around Washington, D.C. — put over 100 million people in the path of extreme conditions on Monday.

Storms across the nation's eastern half forced airlines to cancel more than 2,000 flights nationwide Monday, and many schools closed early in the mid-Atlantic states where high winds and tornadoes were in the forecast.

Blizzards buried parts of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota while torrential rains flooded homes and washed out roads in Hawaii.

In Washington, the House of Representatives postponed votes because of difficulty traveling with inclement weather, The AP news reported.

Airport delays and cancellations could pile up Monday in some of the nation’s largest airports — including those in Washington, New York and Chicago.

“This is what happens in March and April,” said Brian Hurley, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service. “It’s a clash in the air masses. Winter, not wanting to let go from the North, and then obviously the sun’s getting a little stronger, it’s warming up in the South.”

Forecasters warn about line of storms, tornadoes The storm system that dropped snow by the foot in the Midwest is barreling toward the East Coast with dangerously high winds and potential for “producing strong and long track tornadoes,” the weather service warned Monday.

“Today, it’s the wind that’s really the threat,” said Northern Illinois University meteorology professor Victor Gensini.

A stretch from parts of South Carolina to Maryland appeared most likely to experience the greatest damaging winds Monday afternoon, the weather service said. That could include Raleigh, North Carolina; Richmond, Virginia; and the nation’s capital.

North Carolina Gov. Josh Stein urged residents to enable emergency alerts on their phones ahead of expected wind gusts topping 70 mph (112 kph).

Beyond the threat to lives and property, “whether it’s wind gusts from a squall line, blizzard or snow, or just wind because of the storm, you’re looking at several major airports being impacted,“ said AccuWeather senior meteorologist Tyler Roys.

Big snows in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan Blizzard conditions persisted Monday in parts of Wisconsin and Michigan, where the storm brought as much as 2 feet (61 centimeters) of snow by morning. It was still snowing in the region. Additional snowfall of a foot (30 centimeters) to 20 inches (51 centimeters) of snow was expected in upper Michigan, along with gusty winds, on Monday, the National Weather Service said. Schools were closed in a number of communities Monday in both states, including Milwaukee and Marquette, Michigan.

Lower snow accumulations in places such as Chicago and Milwaukee were expected to create trouble for commuters on Monday, Roys said.

Jim Allen, 45, who lives on the Upper Peninsula, said his family stocked up on necessities. “We’re basically prepared to just kind of hunker down for a few days if we need to,” he said.

The thousands of flights canceled nationwide early Monday included more than 350 at Chicago O’Hare International and another 200 at Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson International, according to FlightAware, which tracks flight disruptions. More than 2,500 more flights were delayed nationwide early Monday. Those disruptions came a day after more than 3,200 cancellations on Sunday.

Landslides, rescues, collapsed home on Maui Unrelenting rains triggered landslides and flooded homes and farmland in Hawaii over the weekend.

Some areas of Maui received more than 20 inches (51 centimeters) of rain, Maui County Mayor Richard Bissen said in a social media post.

Resident and real estate broker Jesse Wald, who recorded video of a coastal road’s collapse, said parts of the road were flooded by mud and sediment.

“In the 20 years I’ve been here I’ve never seen this much rain,” he said.

Storm will bring cold into the East Coast Forecasters said the East Coast storms were expected leave sharply colder weather in its wake.

By Tuesday morning, wind chills below freezing were expected to reach the Gulf Coast and the Florida Panhandle with warnings in effect across the Southeast and in part of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas, forecasters warned.

To the north, rain was expected to change over to snow behind the cold front with heavy snow possible in the central Appalachians of West Virginia.

Varieties

Oldest Known Whale Recording Could Unlock Mysteries of the Ocean

Carcasses of pilot whales found on Macquarie Heads beach on the west coast of Tasmania in 2022 (AFP)
Carcasses of pilot whales found on Macquarie Heads beach on the west coast of Tasmania in 2022 (AFP)
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Oldest Known Whale Recording Could Unlock Mysteries of the Ocean

Carcasses of pilot whales found on Macquarie Heads beach on the west coast of Tasmania in 2022 (AFP)
Carcasses of pilot whales found on Macquarie Heads beach on the west coast of Tasmania in 2022 (AFP)

A haunting whale song discovered on decades-old audio equipment could open up a new understanding of how the huge animals communicate, according to researchers who say it’s the oldest such recording known.

The song is that of a humpback whale, a marine giant beloved by whale watchers for its docile nature and spectacular leaps from the water, and was recorded by scientists in March 1949 in Bermuda, said researchers at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Falmouth, Massachusetts.

Just as significant is the sound of the surrounding ocean itself, said Peter Tyack, a marine bioacoustician and emeritus research scholar at Woods Hole. The ocean of the late 1940s was much quieter than the ocean of today, providing a different backdrop than scientists are used to hearing for whale song, he said, The AP news reported.

The recovered recordings “not only allow us to follow whale sounds, but they also tell us what the ocean soundscape was like in the late 1940s,” Tyack said. “That’s very difficult to reconstruct otherwise.”

A preserved recording from the 1940s can also help scientists better understand how new human-made sounds, such as increased shipping noise, affect the way whales communicate, Tyack said. Research published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration states that whales can vary their calling behavior depending on noises in their environment.

The recording predates scientist Roger Payne's discovery of whale song by nearly 20 years. Woods Hole scientists on a research vessel at the time were testing sonar systems and performing acoustic experiments along with the US Office of Naval Research when they captured the sound, said Ashley Jester, director of research data and library services at Woods Hole.

The scientists didn't know what they were hearing, but they decided to record and save the sounds anyway, Jester said.

“And they were curious. And so they kept this recorder running, and they even made time to make recordings where they weren't making any noise from their ships on purpose just to hear as much as they could,” said Jester. “And they kept these recordings.”

Woods Hole scientists discovered the song while digitizing old audio recordings last year. The recording was on a well-preserved disc created by a Gray Audograph, a kind of dictation machine used in the 1940s. Jester located the disc.

While the early underwater recording equipment used to capture the sound would be considered crude by today's standards, it was cutting-edge at the time, Jester said. And the fact that the sound is recorded on a plastic disc is significant because most recordings of the time were on tape, which has long since deteriorated, she said.

Whales' sound-making ability is critical to their survival and key to how they socialize and communicate. The sounds come in the form of clicks, whistles and calls, according to NOAA scientists who study them.

The sounds also allow the whales to find food, navigate, locate each other and understand their surroundings in the vast ocean, scientists say. Several species make repetitive sounds that resemble songs. Humpback whales, which can weigh more than 55,000 pounds (24,947 kilograms), are the ocean's most renowned singers, capable of complex vocalizations that can sound ethereal or even mournful.

The discovery of long-lost whale song from a quieter ocean could be a jumping-off point to better understanding the sounds the animals make today, said Hansen Johnson, a research scientist at the Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life at the New England Aquarium.

“And, you know, it's just beautiful to listen to and has really inspired a lot of people to be curious about the ocean, and care about ocean life in general,” said Johnson, who was not involved in the research. “It's pretty special.”