For centuries, residents of Mosul have spoken a unique form of Arabic enriched by the Iraqi city's long history as a crossroads of civilization, a singsong dialect that many now fear will die out after years of war and displacement.
Much of Mosul's Old City, where speakers of the dialect are concentrated, was completely destroyed in the war against the ISIS group. Thousands of residents were killed in months of heavy fighting, and tens of thousands fled, taking with them the city's local patois and memories of its more cosmopolitan past.
Now many residents, known as Maslawis, fear that their dialect, like much of the city itself, may disappear, said an Associated Press report Monday.
"About 90 percent of those who fled the Old City speak the Mosul dialect," Shahd Walid, 26, said in the courtyard of a stone home near the ruins of the al-Nuri Mosque, an 850-year-old landmark that was destroyed by ISIS as they made their final stand in the summer of 2017. "Future generations won't know Maslawi and will speak in other dialects instead."
She is one of a dwindling number of young people who still speak the dialect consistently, even though she grew up in the eastern part of Mosul, which escaped the worst devastation. She recalls speaking it with her grandfather and his friends, who lived in the Old City.
Written Arabic is the same from Morocco to the Persian Gulf, but local dialects vary widely from country to country, and sometimes even from one town to the next. The differences can extend far beyond pronunciation, to basic vocabulary and verb forms. Some dialects differ so much that native speakers resort to English or French to communicate with one another.
The Maslawi dialect borrows words from Turkish, Persian and Kurdish, reflecting the tumultuous history of Mosul and the surrounding plains of Ninevah. It includes the classical "q'' sound, pronounced like the English "k'' but emanating from deep in the throat. Instead of rolling the "r'' sound, Maslawis pronounce it as "gh," similar to Hebrew or French.
In the Mosul dialect, an arched gateway is a "qantagha," a minaret is a "mnagha," a narrow ally is an "awji" and a soccer ball is a "tappi" - words that would seem strange even to someone from Baghdad.
Iraqis from elsewhere in the country have long mocked the dialect as sounding effeminate. Walid says young men in Mosul often switch to another dialect when outsiders pass by so they won't be teased, said the AP.
The dialect's decline stretches back decades, through the conflicts that preceded the ISIS takeover in 2014, according to Abdulkareem Yaseen Ahmed, an Iraqi scholar at Newcastle University who studies the dialect.
In the early 20th century, Mosul and the surrounding area was home to Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, Turkmen and others, with Muslims, Christians, Jews and other minorities living side-by-side and speaking Maslawi Arabic.
The once-vibrant Jewish community left in the 1940s and 1950s, during the violence and hostility that surrounded the creation of Israel. The Christian community in northern Iraq has been declining for decades, as families have fled war and extremist attacks or sought better opportunities abroad, said the AP.
Beginning in the 1960s, successive Iraqi governments launched Arabization campaigns in the north, bringing in large numbers of Arab loyalists from other areas to tilt the demographic balance against the Kurds, who faced expulsion during successive rebellions. The new arrivals brought their own rural, Bedouin-based Arabic dialects, diluting the language of the Maslawis. More recently, severe drought has brought even more waves of people from the countryside.
"Our problem is that we've mixed so much," Saad Mohammed Jarjis, 59, said as he paced atop broken archways and shattered tiles, the ruins of his family's centuries-old home on a hillside beside the Tigris River. "In the time of Saddam Hussein, people of the villages and the countryside became officers and military men. When they came to Mosul, they influenced the dialect, our language."
Mahmoud Yasin, 25, was born in Mosul's Old City, but his ancestors came from the rural hinterlands. He doesn't speak Maslawi.
"When our Maslawi friend speaks quickly, and we can't understand him, we say he's talking like a chicken," he said. "They speak like chickens, or the chirping of birds. It sounds light and soft. Some people say it sounds like women's talk."
As recently as 2014, the Old City was home to more than 60,000 people. The ISIS group killed thousands during its three-year reign. As Iraqi forces backed by a US-led coalition closed in on the Old City in 2017, the terrorists rounded up civilians to use as human shields and fought house to house in the bloodiest urban conflict since World War II.
Of the tens of thousands who fled, only a small number have returned. Many have nothing to come back to, while others fear reprisals by Iraqi forces, reported the AP.
Nawal Fathi, 70, was born and raised in the Old City, but fled the fighting and now resides in Mosul's western suburbs. During her childhood, she remembers tribal sheikhs visiting the Old City and even staying in her family's home, but she insists, with some pride, that they had no influence on the local culture.
"We didn't take anything from them," she said, smiling.
But now the language seems to be vanishing along with everything else.
"Peoples' minds have changed," she said. "They've changed everything: changed their clothes, their speech. We shouldn't lie to ourselves. We can't make them go back."
Despite the dialect's grim state, Ahmed, the researcher, sees reason for hope. In the Qantara Cultural Café across from Mosul University, young students congregate around relics of the city's past arranged throughout the space. Near the entrance, T-shirts sporting famous Maslawi expressions are sold.
He said people in Mosul now feel a need to project a distinct identity, away from IS.
"Language is part of this identity."
